• A literature study and leaching experiments allowed to identify more than 200
compounds that can be potentially emitted from offshore wind farms
• Organic, inorganic and particulate contaminants were measured on-field by targeted and
untargeted approaches
• Source identification is essential, as most identified compounds can originate from
multiple sources
• Lack of occurrence and detailed toxicity data hamper a full risk assessment
• Analysis of weld geometry change based on 3D-scans of up to 12-month corroded
specimens in accelerated salt spray chamber test.
• 3D-scan reveals: With higher exposure durations, the sharpness of butt welds increases,
while it decreases for fillet welds.
• Reduction of fatigue strength with a single reduction factor according DNV do not cover
the physics.
• Fatigue reduction due to corrosion depends on the initial notch category: Highest fatigue
reduction in base material and lowest for fillet welded joints.
• Long term corrosion leads to an equalization effect: mild notches becoming sharp and
vice versa.
• Fatigue and fracture assessments of over 1500 defects
• Probability of structural failure - which feeds into the safety case
• Ongoing monitoring & inspection requirements
• Lookahead to the future of the wind farm
• Fatigue tests on non-welded structural details as Free Edges, Holes and Openings
• Consideration of the material strength, manufacturing method and post-treatment on the
fatigue resistance
• Classification and derivation of resistance values for fatigue design
• Design recommendations
• Improved S-N-curves by testing
• Thickness correction based on plate thickness, weld width or both?
• The length effect – is it a risk?
• Stress distribution in threaded connections
• S-N fatigue curves for design of threaded connections
• Fatigue test results on M72 studs & bolts
• Mean stress effect on fatigue life
• Other considerations for future research
• The derivation of virtual sensing method based only on measured accelerations.
• Separation of translation and inclination contributions to measured accelerations.
• Quantification of the uncertainty of virtual sensing by benchmarking with local strain
gauge measurements.
• Quantification of design load case specific uncertainties.
• Perspectives on the use of virtual sensing for operation, maintenance and lifetime
extension of Vattenfall’s offshore wind fleet